Ontario Grade 12 University Biology (SBI4U) Course Practice Exam

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• What is the primary role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
• What is the main difference between glomerulus filtrate and blood plasma?
• What occurs when the membrane potential is reduced to less than -70 mV?
• Which structure in the kidney acts as a filtration device?
• What are the three main types of neurons based on function?
• What are the muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder called?
• Which pigment is essential for photosynthesis in plants?
• What type of bonds are primarily found within a molecule?
• During which process are ribonucleic acids synthesized from a DNA template?
• Which component is essential for maintaining the fluidity of the cell membrane?
• What is the role of insulin in the body?
• When blood is filtered through the glomerulus, what is primarily retained in the bloodstream?
• What is the connection between two neurons called?
• What type of cell structure is primarily responsible for the movement of an entire cell?
• Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place in eukaryotic cells?
• Which of the following actions is NOT an example of a reflex action?
• What is a mutagen?
• How do the nervous system and the endocrine system work together?
• Which enzyme is responsible for proofreading new nucleotide sequences for correctness?
• What is a key characteristic of andropause?
• What neurotransmitter is produced at neuromuscular junctions and synapses in the parasympathetic division of the nervous system?
• How much ATP is produced from one glucose molecule before oxidative phosphorylation?
• What is a function of the cerebral cortex on the surface of the parietal lobe?
• What is the main function of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys during pH regulation?
• What is hemodialysis primarily used for?
• What are the structural and functional units of the kidney known as?
• What is the main function of the adrenal glands?
• What is the primary function of the sodium pump in cells?
• What symptom is a result of the overproduction of hGH during childhood?
• What occurs after DNA replication in terms of strand fidelity?
• What does the term 'semi-conservative' refer to in DNA replication?
• How does the structure of phospholipids contribute to their function in cell membranes?
• What type of energy describes the potential to do work within a stored system?
• What end product is formed in the Krebs cycle?
• How can a functional group be defined?
• What does the 5' cap signify for mRNA molecules?
• Which cell types are the functional units of the nervous system?
• What is helicase's primary function in DNA replication?
• Which enzyme adds a short segment of RNA to initiate DNA replication?
• Which structure serves as the filtration unit at the top of each nephron?
• What effect is most likely to occur in plant cells when placed in a hypertonic solution?
• Which of the following glands function exclusively as endocrine glands?
• The redundancy of the genetic code primarily helps to explain what phenomenon?
• What causes menstrual cycles to stop during pregnancy?
• What impact does stress have on hormone levels in the body?
• What is the monomer for nucleic acids?
• What is the term for the process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body?
• What is the primary method by which kidneys regulate body fluid balance?
• What is the normal pH of blood?
• What type of reaction does glycolysis represent?
• What does gene expression refer to?
• What distinguishes DNA from RNA in terms of sugar structure?
• What are nitrogenous wastes?
• What are the basic building blocks of DNA?
• Which of the following is NOT a stage of DNA replication?
• How do the lipid bonds in hydrogenated fats differ from those in natural fats?
• Which cerebral lobe is involved with visual perception?
• Which enzyme removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA nucleotides?
• Which of the following processes is part of urine formation?
• At the junction where one neuron transmits an impulse to another, what is this called?
• In which organism is the lac operon primarily found?
• What is the primary function of nephrons in the kidneys?
• Thermodynamics primarily deals with which type of energy loss?
• What is the meaning of a negative feedback loop in hormone regulation?
• Which enzyme connects RNA nucleotides to a DNA template during transcription?
• What is the primary function of DNA ligase?
• Animal cells placed in a hypotonic solution are likely to...
• What is chromatin primarily composed of?
• What is the primary function of mRNA?
• What does the cell membrane primarily consist of?
• Which hormone is primarily involved in regulating the body's water balance?
• During the formation of the replication fork, what is the main role of helicase?
• What is the primary effect of thyroxine?
• What is the main function of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation?
• Which statement best describes coupled reactions?
• Which type of molecule is mRNA classified as?
• How does cortisol function in the body?
• During which phase can a neuronal membrane not be stimulated to undergo an action potential?
• Which structure within the chloroplast is directly involved in capturing light energy?
• What occurs during transcription in gene expression?
• What effect do sex hormones have on the body?
• How is kinetic energy distinct from potential energy?
• During which transcription step does RNA polymerase move along the DNA?
• Which of the following describes the outcome of glycolysis?
• What type of therapy involves the use of an external device to filter blood?
• Which type of neuron is characterized by a long axon and many shorter dendrites?
• A chemical reaction will release energy if it is classified as?
• Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?
• What is the primary function of carbohydrates in biological systems?
• What is the function of the antisense strand during transcription?
• What is the role of an electron carrier in cellular metabolism?
• Which lobe of the cerebrum is involved in interpretation and understanding of speech?
• Which of these is NOT normally found in urine?
• What term describes the matter formed by myelinated neurons in the central nervous system?
• What does the term electronegativity refer to?
• What is the primary function of ribosomes within a cell?
• What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
• How is urine transported from the kidneys to the bladder?
• What process involves the removal of intron sequences and joining of exons?
• Which part of the tRNA interacts with the mRNA during translation?
• Why are radioisotopes considered important in Canada?
• Which organ has sphincters that relax to allow urine to drain into the urethra?
• What is the role of the promoter region in DNA?
• How do single-strand-binding proteins assist in DNA replication?
• Which of the following are functions of the cerebrum?
• What does complementary base pairing refer to in nucleic acids?
• What term is used to describe the condition when the membrane potential becomes slightly more negative than its original resting potential?
• What is the main function of the collecting duct in the kidneys?
• Which of the following accurately describes kidney stones?
• Which component of the cell structure is crucial for maintaining shape and organizing the cell?
• What is the primary purpose of the renal cortex?
• Which of the following conditions may indicate renal failure?
• Which hormone is often affected by kidney dysfunction?
• What is released as a byproduct of the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration?
• What is the main role of tRNA in translation?
• What structure serves as a bundle of white matter linking the cerebral hemispheres?
• What term describes the process of adding a phosphate group to glucose?
• Which function is NOT associated with proteins in the cell membrane?
• What is the ultimate function of a promoter region on a chromosome?
• Which organelle is primarily responsible for protein synthesis?
• What is the typical age range for the onset of menopause in human females?
• What do chloroplasts primarily do in plant cells?
• Which organ is NOT part of the excretory system?
• What substance is produced when athletes push their cells to use up O2?
• Which enzyme is tasked with adding nucleotides during DNA chain elongation?
• What phenomenon describes when multiple codons correspond to the same amino acid?
• How are nucleotides linked together in DNA?
• According to the triplet hypothesis, what is the relationship between nucleotides and amino acids?
• What mechanism do the kidneys use to manage blood pH levels?
• Which of these factors would decrease the production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
• Which hormone released from the hypothalamus increases when puberty begins?
• In what way do anabolic pathways differ from catabolic pathways?
• Why is the brain considered the real sense organ?
• What is the role of transcription factors in the process of transcription?
• What is the liquid waste product that exits the body through the urethra?
• What is the total ATP yield from complete eukaryotic aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule?
• Which strand is transcribed and ultimately used in translation?
• Which hormone is primarily responsible for the maturation of follicles?
• Gene regulation controls which aspect of genetics?
• What does mispairing during DNA replication involve?
• What is the purpose of hormone replacement therapy (HRT)?
• What is the process of creating a new strand of DNA called?
• Which term does NOT apply to the structure of chloroplasts?
• Which of the following is NOT a process of cellular respiration?
• Which hormone is produced by the adrenal cortex as a response to long-term stress?
• What is the primary function of RNA polymerase in gene expression?
• Where is ammonia converted to the less toxic compound known as urea?
• What is the role of catalysts in biochemical reactions?
• Which type of substances are typically unable to pass through the glomerulus during filtration?
• What primary effect does inhibin have on the anterior pituitary gland?
• What constitutes the endocrine system?
• What chemical messenger promotes changes such as the formation of facial hair?
• What is the function of single-strand-binding proteins during DNA replication?
• Which of these is an example of potential energy?
• What is the role of the replication fork during DNA replication?
• What is the process of producing an RNA copy from a gene called?
• A nucleotide is comprised of which of the following?
• Which component is found exclusively in DNA?
• Which components are required for translation to occur?
• Which statement best describes the structure of DNA?
• What is the term for the occurrence when a stimulus causes the axon membrane to depolarize to a certain level?
• What is the role of snRNA in cells?
• Which structure connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
• Which region of the kidney is the outermost layer?
• What characterizes a telomere?
• What liquid circulates throughout the spaces within the brain and spinal cord?
• What are the three layers of tough elastic tissue that enclose the brain and spinal cord called?
• In human males, what organ of the excretory system merges with the vas deferens of the reproductive tract?
• In the ribosome, where does the tRNA with the amino acid enter?
• How does the kidney respond to an increase in blood acidity?
• Which of the following is a function of a restriction endonuclease?
• What is the name of the pipe-like structure in the kidney that collects urine?
• What macromolecules make up chromosomes?
• What term describes the period in a woman's life when the menstrual cycle ends?
• Which of the following describes intermediate filaments?
• In which part of the cell does oxidative phosphorylation primarily occur?
• Which enzyme catalyzes the addition of new nucleotides during DNA synthesis?
• What is formed on the lagging strand during DNA replication?
• DNA polymerase I is primarily responsible for which action during DNA replication?
• Which structural feature in cells is primarily involved in intracellular support?
• Where does the amino acid attach itself on the tRNA molecule?
• What is the thin outer covering of grey matter covering each cerebral hemisphere of the brain known as?
• Where does protein production occur in relation to DNA?
• What are the four main processes that occur during urine formation?
• In which part of the body is hemodialysis typically performed?
• Which organelle is responsible for converting high-energy organic molecules into usable energy?
• In what direction does DNA elongation occur during replication?
• The role of the collecting duct in the kidneys is primarily for?
• What is free energy?
• An exergonic reaction is characterized by what type of energy change?
• Which system is primarily responsible for the regulation of the body's excretion of waste?
• What is an example of a positive feedback system in homeostasis?
• What is the role of DNA ligase in DNA replication?
• What protective barrier separates the blood from the central nervous system (CNS)?
• Why is ATP considered the energy currency of the cell?
• What is the fundamental unit of proteins?
• What does the term metabolism encompass?
• What determines which amino acid is attached to the tRNA?
• How can neurons be classified?
• What is the product of translation in gene expression?
• In what form is the primary waste product of protein metabolism excreted by the kidneys?
• What is the function of a flagellum?
• What process occurs in the Bowman's capsule?
• Which molecule carries the genetic information necessary for protein synthesis?
• Where is the codon found in the process of protein synthesis?
• What occurs during the denaturation of a protein?
• What does it mean for the genetic code to be continuous?
• Renal insufficiency primarily affects which body system?
• What is the significance of a silent mutation?
• What is defined as energy from a chemical reaction that is available for doing work?
• How many ATP molecules are produced during the process of glycolysis?
• What type of biological molecule is chlorophyll?
• Which component is primarily responsible for carrying genetic information during transcription?
• What is the composition of microfilaments?
• In what way are DNA and RNA similar?
• Where are the islets of Langerhans located?
• Which gland is responsible for regulating metabolism?
• In which organ is estrogen primarily produced?
• How does a gene differ from a genome?
• The hydrolysis of ATP is dependent on the presence of?
• How is carbon dioxide primarily removed from a cell?
• What is the functional unit of the kidney?
• What is the direct cause of fatigue and lack of energy due to insufficient insulin production?
• What is the role of macrophages in the human immune system?
• Which component of the filtrate primarily contributes to the decrease in volume as it becomes urine?
• What is the term for the organs that are responsible for producing reproductive cells?
• Which of the following is an example of an intermolecular force?
• What is the role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?
• What is the term used to define the gradual decline in testosterone levels in a man's life?
• What is a spontaneous mutation?
• What is one characteristic that makes RNA different from DNA?
• When does a neural impulse begin to travel along a myelinated neuron?
• What molecule serves as the template for protein synthesis?
• Which of the following is NOT a nitrogenous base found in DNA?
• What does it mean to be lactose-intolerant?
• Which organs are part of the excretory system?
• What are chemical messengers that carry signals from one neuron to another called?
• In DNA replication, what purpose do RNA primers serve?
• How does reabsorption of water occur in the nephrons?
• What is the function of the acid-base buffer system in the body?
• What role does the renal pelvis serve in the excretory system?
• What happens during hyperpolarization of a neuron?
• What is the function of the anticodon loop in tRNA?
• What type of bond is primarily responsible for the structure of DNA?
• How do hormones affect specific tissues or organs in the body?
• Which product of the Krebs cycle does NOT contribute to energy production in cellular respiration?
• What structure directs blood into the glomerulus?
• Which hormone inhibits the production of FSH by the anterior pituitary?
• Which neurotransmitter is the only one used by the parasympathetic nervous system?
• Where is the anticodon located?
• Where does Acetyl-coenzyme A enter during cellular metabolism?
• What term is used to describe the process of reducing a membrane's potential from resting state?
• What hormone stimulates the production of reproductive cells in the gonads?
• The process by which excess substances are removed from the blood into the nephron is called?
• Which molecule is crucial for transporting oxygen in the blood?
• Isomers differ primarily in what aspect?
• What is pyruvate primarily characterized as in cellular respiration?
• What are cilia best known for?
• A lack of iodine in the diet may lead to which disorder?
• What is the role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the reproductive system?
• Which of the following is true about ATP production through cellular respiration?
• How do cells generally repair mutations?
• What is a primary chemical messenger produced by the ovaries?
• How do insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels?
• Which of the following best describes the primary role of enzymes in biological reactions?
• What role does chemiosmosis play in cellular respiration?
• Where are neurotransmitters released from?
• What is the role of topoisomerase II during DNA replication?
• What is the main function of the corpus callosum?
• How can a neural impulse in an unmyelinated fiber be described?
• Which blood vessel carries blood from the aorta to the kidneys?
• What is the function of restriction endonuclease in recombinant DNA technology?
• Which response is not found in the short-term stress response?
• Which of the following bases pairs with adenine in DNA?
• Which blood vessel drains blood from the kidney to the body?
• Which of the following describes a key characteristic of anabolic pathways?
• What distinguishes isotopes of an element?
• What best describes the relationship between the two DNA strands at the replication fork?
• Which term describes the process of urine formation in the kidneys?
• Which term describes a chemical reaction that requires energy input?
• What type of bond is formed between amino acids in a polypeptide chain?
• What organ temporarily stores urine before it is eliminated from the body?
• What is the role of the poly-A tail in RNA?
• What is the major function of ribosomes in cells?
• What distinguishes lipids from carbohydrates?
• Which term describes the process of compacting DNA?
• Activation energy can be reduced by the presence of?
• Which of the following best describes the function of helicase?
• What is the last structure in the sequence of urine flow?
• Which disorder is best treated with medication containing thyroxine?
• What role do ribosomes play in translation?
• Which of the following is NOT a disorder of the excretory system?
• Which structure is characterized as forming hollow tubes within the cell?
• What unique feature is found in the structure of mitochondria?
• Which of the following is NOT a function of the excretory system?
• Which hormone is classified as a lipid?
• How is energy best defined in a biological context?
• Which step of transcription is responsible for selecting the correct start site?
• What are chemical messengers that control the development and function of the reproductive system known as?
• Which hormone plays a crucial role in the fight-or-flight response?
• What characterizes the renal medulla in the kidney?
• What best describes metabolic pathways?
• What is a synapse?
• During replication, which enzyme unwinds the DNA double helix?
• Facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion in that...
• What is an example of a negative feedback system in homeostasis?
• Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA helix during replication?
• What initiates the process of transcription?
• What does it mean for the genetic code to be redundant?
• How does Co-enzyme A assist in the Krebs cycle?
• Which of the following codons is recognized as the START codon in protein synthesis?
• What is the process called when multiple identical copies of a gene are created?