Which cell types are the functional units of the nervous system?

Neurons are the functional units of the nervous system because they are specialized cells that transmit nerve impulses, allowing for communication within the nervous system and between the nervous system and other parts of the body. Neurons have unique structures, including dendrites that receive signals, a cell body that processes information, and an axon that sends signals to other neurons or muscles. This specialized functionality enables them to play crucial roles in sensory perception, reflexes, motor control, and cognitive processes.

While glial cells support and protect neurons and are essential for maintaining the health and function of the nervous system, they do not carry nerve impulses themselves. Myocytes are muscle cells and are not directly involved in the functioning of the nervous system. Endothelial cells line blood vessels and perform functions related to circulation, but they do not have the role of transmitting signals within the nervous system. Therefore, neurons are unequivocally identified as the primary functional units responsible for the signaling that underpins all nervous system activities.