How is kinetic energy distinct from potential energy?

Kinetic energy is defined as the energy that an object possesses due to its motion. It is dependent on both the mass of the object and its velocity. The faster an object moves, or the heavier it is, the greater its kinetic energy. In contrast, potential energy is the energy stored in an object due to its position or configuration. For example, a rock perched at the edge of a cliff has potential energy due to its elevated position relative to the ground, which could be converted into kinetic energy if it were to fall.

The distinction between kinetic and potential energy lies fundamentally in their definitions: kinetic energy is the energy of motion, while potential energy pertains to stored energy based on an object's position. This relationship is foundational in understanding various physical systems, from simple mechanics to complex biological interactions where energy transfer and transformation are key processes.