How do insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels?

Insulin and glucagon are two hormones produced by the pancreas that play critical roles in maintaining homeostasis of blood glucose levels. Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells, particularly in muscle and fat tissues. It also promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage in the liver and muscle cells, effectively reducing glucose concentration in the bloodstream.

On the other hand, glucagon raises blood glucose levels. When blood sugar levels drop, glucagon triggers the liver to convert stored glycogen back into glucose, which is then released back into the bloodstream. This response is essential for increasing blood glucose levels when they fall too low, thus providing a balance to the effects of insulin.

By understanding the distinct roles of these two hormones, it becomes evident how they work in opposition to regulate blood glucose levels. Their relationship is essential for maintaining stable glucose concentrations, particularly after meals or during periods of fasting.